MELPOMENE RESEARCH (1982

MELPOMENE RESEARCH (1982 - PRESENT)

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ESSAYS BY JUDY MAHLE LUTTER

PROPOSED RESEARCH PROJECT FOR 2007-2008
Unequal Opportunities, Unequal Outcomes: Reducing Physical Inactivity in Populations of Ethnic Minority Girls

Chelsey Rodd
School of Kinesiology
University of Minnesota

Nicole M. LaVoi, Ph.D
Tucker Center for Research on Girls & Women in Sports
University of Minnesota

According to the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, lack of physical activity plays a major role in coronary disease and other chronic health conditions, which affect minority populations in the U.S. at a much greater rate than that of their white counterparts. Ethnic minority girls are the most likely among children to be physically inactive.

The primary goal of this project is to forge new connections and create synergy among U of M researchers, the Tucker Center for Girls & Women in Sport, the Melpomene Institute, and community members in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Metro Area in order to identify barriers and antecedents that prevent and limit girls' participation in physical activity within their communities.

KEY RESEARCH QUESTION: How can community members and organizations better promote opportunities for girls of ethnic minorities to participate in physical activity?

KEY DESIGN OBJECTIVE: Using collaborative partnerships to obtain grounded information that will identify inequalities and barriers for ethnic minority girls that prevent or limit their physical activity participation.

We will work with Somali community members and organizations in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota to identify individuals and form focus groups of Somali girls. We chose to explicitly focus on Somali girls as our target population because Minneapolis has one of the largest Somali populations in the United States. Also, limited to no research has been conducted on this population of girls.

We hope to fill this gap in the literature, and by working to do so in this project we think that interesting issues concerning Somali girls and aspects of religion, sport and physical activity, and family structure will intersect in unique ways to impact physical activity, health and well-being with this population.

From a grounded theory perspective, eight focus groups, consisting of five Somali girls (ages of 10 to 14) in each group acting as "informants", will discuss their "situated knowledge", experiences, perceptions, and ideas for making physical activity more accessible and equitable to ethnic minority girls in the Twin Cities Metro Area.

Results from the focus group study will be used to make policy recommendations to community members and sport leaders that may increase culturally relevant opportunities for physical activity in ethnic minority girls, and increase awareness of such opportunities through culturally appropriate social marketing.

By doing so, we hope to reduce the disparities in health and well-being outcomes for girls of ethnic minorities. Upon achieving these outcomes, our final and most important goal is to see a rise in the number of ethnically diverse girls participating in physical activity in safe environments in the Twin Cities Metro Area.

RESEARCH PROJECT FOR 2006-2007
Women Bound to Be Active
By Jennifer White, Ph.D.
University of Nebraska

According to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (2003) almost 60% of women in Omaha do not meet the recommended guidelines for participation in regular physical activity and almost 80% do not meet the recommended guidelines for participation in vigorous physical activity. These numbers are higher in Nebraska women of ethnicity and poverty. According to a community health and quality of life assessment, areas of Douglas County (Omaha, Nebraska) with predominantly minority populations (North and South Omaha) have the highest levels of no leisure-time physical activity (PA) reported.

These findings present a serious problem in the Omaha community, specifically for women of ethnicity. It is prudent to consider common characteristics among populations and develop programs based on similarities rather than differences. An obvious initial approach is to consider gender-related and cultural related factors that influence physical activity adherence. Women have long expressed that being part of a group or having a support network is integral to their involvement in physical activity. Furthermore, enhanced self-esteem contributes to participation in physical activity long-term.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of several components on adherence to physical activity in a diverse sample of women living in North Omaha. It will be implemented through a very unique approach, a women's book club. The purpose of Women Bound to Be Active, a physical activity book club for women, is to enhance self-esteem and educate women in North Omaha in a social support setting about physical activity and the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle in hopes of enhancing adherence to physical activity.

The specific aims of this proposal are to determine; (a) the effect of long-term group social support on physical activity adherence, (b) the effect of cognitive behavioral skills on physical activity adherence, (c) the effect of occupation and/or family role of a woman on physical activity adherence (d) the effect of quality of life on physical activity adherence, (e) the effect of life events on physical activity adherence, (f) the effect of self-efficacy on physical activity adherence, (g) the effect of self-worth on physical activity adherence, (h) and the effect of the book club on participation in physical activity.

The social support and cognitive behavioral skills will be implemented through Women Bound to Be Active. This is a unique approach to increase physical activity adherence in women. Based on preliminary findings (White et al., 2005), this approach may provide evidence for the factors that contribute to physical activity adherence in women.

The objectives of Women Bound to Be Active are to: (a) promote regular physical activity, (b) teach self-management skills (goal setting, busting barriers, physical activity diaries, contracts), (c) improve quality of life (d) improve self-efficacy and (e) enhance self-worth through an educational, social support setting. This is a unique and innovative approach to increase physical activity adherence in minority women.

RESEARCH PROJECT FOR 2005-2006
Metamorphosis: The Effects of a 12-week Lifestyle Education Program on Participation In, Knowledge Of, and Attitudes Toward Health and Physical Activity
By Meighan E. Acuff
A. Page Applegate
Lindsey M. Tubbs
University of Arkansas

The purpose of the Metamorphosis research study was to examine the effects of a 12-week mother/daughter lifestyle education program on participation in, knowledge about, and attitudes toward health and physical activity. The program targeted 9-12 year old females and their mothers.

As reported in the literature, girls who have positive role models are more likely to participate in physical activity. Therefore, the goals of this intervention program were to stimulate the girls and women's participation in physical activity, present an enjoyable setting for education and activity, and help them find positive female role models.

The sessions were conducted weekly throughout the first month and bi-weekly for the following two months. Pre- and post-intervention each participant completed questionnaires/surveys relating to physical activity participation, knowledge of health and physical activity issues, and psychological changes (Physical Self-Perception Profile).

The project was conducted as a series of lifestyle education seminars. Each session included an education and an activity portion. During the education segment, mothers and daughters were divided in order to provide the most relevant information for each group. Topics included but were not limited to: physical activity, exercise, fitness testing, nutrition, body image, eating disorders, time/stress management, and community resources.

The activity portion of the session focused on activities that the mothers and daughters could enjoy together. Activities included but were not limited to: ropes courses, confidence/team building activities, park/trail days, and the indoor climbing wall. Opportunities for outings included attending local collegiate women's sporting events.

Upon conclusion of the study, researchers analyzed changes in the five dimensions of self-perception (general physical self-worth, sports competence, physical condition, attractive body, and strength and musculatures), as measured by the Physical Self-Perception Profile. Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to examine the pre- and post-intervention changes in mothers and daughters in the above mentioned areas. The researchers hoped to see increased physical activity levels, increased health-related knowledge, and increased physical self-perception sub-scores.

Although the number of participants was not high enough to look for evidence of statistical significance, most of the participants improved their scores on the knowledge test after the program. Those that did not improve their scores maintained their previous scores. The self-perception scores were stable from pre-test to post-test.

The Metamorphosis project was an exciting program for everyone involved. All of the girls and their mothers had wonderful things to say about the program. This program allowed for health education as well as special time for mothers and their daughters to spend together.

RESEARCH PROJECT FOR 2004-2005
Lideres Latinas: A Peer Leader Program to Increase Latina Girls' Participation in Middle School Sports
By Kelley Jane De Leeuw
University of North Carolina

In the United States, 59% of Latina girls ages 12 to 19 are considered overweight or at risk for overweight. Latinas face an increased risk for overweight as compared to Caucasian girls. Studies have shown that sports participation during the teenage years is strongly associated with normal body weight as well as risk factor mitigation and other positive psychosocial outcomes.

This study examines the effect of a peer leader program to increase school sports participation among Latina middle schoolers in North Carolina. Nine peer leaders, all of Mexican origin, in the seventh and eight grades were selected based on leadership qualities and were trained over two months. Following the training, they identified and implemented participatory intervention strategies to change sports participation norms at their middle school. The peer leaders completed self-administered surveys before and after their training.

Knowledge of health and leadership topics increased, as did confidence in performing peer leader tasks. School absenteeism among peer leaders decreased. They reported increased rates of community involvement in extracurricular activities post-training.

The peer leaders created a group identity, calling themselves Lideres Latinas (Latin Leaders), and developed t-shirts, bracelets, and posters with motivational bilingual messages to distribute throughout their middle school to encourage girls to tryout for spring sports during the 2004-2005 school year.

At the intervention school, Latina students increased their representation in spring sports from 15% (n=4) in the previous year to 29% (n=10) during the intervention year. The control school with similar demographics, which received no intervention, saw a decrease in their Latina participation from 10% (n+3) in the preceding year to 0% (n+0).

More research is needed on promoting girls' sports participation at school, especially among at-risk groups. To our knowledge, this is the first intervention of its kid to use peer leadership to encourage sports participation.

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MELPOMENE FACT SHEETS

Why Athletic Participation Is Good For Adolescent Girls

During adolescence, from approximately 12 to 18 years of age, new thought processes merge that allows young people to think about themselves in new ways. It is important that during this time girls find something beyond their external appearance that gives them a sense of self-worth and self-esteem. For many girls, athletic participation can be just the thing. In fact, researchers have found that organized athletic participation has a greater positive effect on girls' sense of self esteem than family income, parent education, or gender.

Researchers have found that organized athletic participation is positively related to:

improved physical and mental health
decreased likelihood of dropping out of school
increased identification with school
greater self-concept and sense of control
significantly lower rates of sexual activity
greater extracurricular involvement
improved school grades
higher standardized achievement scores
higher college attendance and degree sought
greater advancement in college
fewer disciplinary problems

The degree to which a girl experiences these positive benefits is affected by:

how successful she is in the sport
whether she is in a leadership position
whether the adults in the program promote her physical competence, positive body image, and academic success

There are some possible negative effects that adults should watch for in adolescent girls. There is an increased risk of drinking alcohol in high school athletes, and if this arises, the problem should be dealt with immediately. Girls need to learn how to train correctly to avoid injury. Also, girls, families, and parents should be aware of the balance that must be struck between athletic participation and school and family activities. Athletic participation should not excessively interfere with either school or family time.

While many adolescent girls are at a high risk of becoming involved in sex, drugs, and other high-risk behaviors because of low self-esteem, athletic participation can raise self-esteem and help girls avoid these negative behaviors. There are drawbacks, but with a good balance and healthy training, the positive benefits can far outweigh these negative consequences. Not only will a girl be more likely to feel better about her self, she will be healthier physically too; she will be more likely to do better in school, be less likely to be sexually active, and she will be empowered to make healthy and positive decisions for herself.

Resources:
Eccles, Jacquelynne and Bonnie Barber. (2001). "Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band: What Kind of Extracurricular Involvement Matters?" In Andrew Yiannakis and Merrill Melnick, (Ed.). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. (p. 125-145). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Fejgin, Naomi. (1994). "Participation in High School Competitive Sports: A Subversion of School Mission or Contribution to Academic Goals." In Andrew Yiannakis and Merrill Melnick, (Ed.). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. (p. 95-107). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Festle, Mary Jo. (1996). Playing Nice: Politics and Apologies in Women's Sports. New York: Columbia University Press.

Miller, Kathleen, et al. (1998). "Athletics Participation and Sexual Behavior in Adolescents: The Different Worlds of Girls and Boys." In Andrew Yiannakis and Merrill Melnick, (Ed.). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. (p. 109-123). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Pipher, Mary Ph.D. (1994). Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. New York: Ballantine Books.

The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. "Physical Activity and Sport in the Lives of Girls: Report." University of Minnesota.

Richman, Erin and David Shaffer. (2000). "If You Let Me Play Sports: How Might Sport Participation Influence the Self-Esteem of Adolescent Females?" Psychology of Women Quarterly. 24, 189-199.

Steinberg, Laurence. (1999). Adolescence (5th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill College. Yiannakis, Andrew and Merrill Melnick, (Eds.). (2001). Contemporary Issues in Sociology of Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

What's Heart Disease Got To Do With It?

In the United States, women are commonly under-treated and under-diagnosed for heart disease. Women's lack of knowledge about heart disease is partly to blame; compared to other top health risks women know the least about heart disease and their heart health. A recent study by the American Heart Association found that only 8% of women identified heart disease and stroke as one of their greatest health concerns. What don't you know about your heart health?

Heart Health: What You Don't Know

Myth 1: Breast cancer is the number one cause of death in women in the United States.
In actuality, 1 in 2 women in the United States die of heart disease or stroke, while 1 in 30 women die of breast cancer. However, a 2003 survey by the American Heart Association found that only 46% of women were aware that heart disease is the number one cause of death among women in the United States.

Myth 2: No one in my family has heart disease, so I am not at risk.
Your family history is only one factor in assessing your risk for heart disease. Many women have risk factors, which are conditions or habits that can lead to heart disease, that are not associated with family history. Many of the risk factors that contribute to heart disease, such as being overweight, smoking, or not getting enough physical activity, are actually in your control.

Myth 3: Heart disease is a 'man's' disease. More men die from cardiovascular disease than women.
Traditionally, men have received more prevention and treatment of heart disease and related conditions. Even today, there are gaps in the research about women and heart disease because men were primarily used in research trials. However, in reality, more women than men die of heart disease each year.

Myth 4: Heart disease is just a natural part of getting older.
Studies do demonstrate that women's risk of heart disease increases after menopause due to a drop in estrogen levels. However, heart disease is not simply a natural part of getting older. Poor lifestyle choices, not simply getting older, put you at risk for heart disease. By making healthy lifestyle choices such as regular physical activity and a balanced diet, heart disease is largely preventable as you get older.

Myth 5: Heart disease can be cured by surgery.
Heart disease cannot be cured by surgery. Surgery can only improve blood flow to the heart by opening and unclogging your arteries. Once you have reached the point where surgery is necessary, your arteries will always be damaged and you will always be at risk for a heart attack.

Heart Disease: What You Should Know

What is heart disease?
Heart disease, or cardiovascular disease, is a broad term that really refers to a large number of diseases and conditions in the cardiovascular system, which is made up of your heart and blood. Diseases and conditions of the cardiovascular system can be caused by viruses, genetics, or poor lifestyle choices and vary from babies born with heart defects to varicose veins. Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease and is the leading cause of death in both men and women. It can be prevented by healthy lifestyle choices. Essentially, cardiovascular disease is caused by atherosclerosis, a largely preventable type of vascular disease which prevents oxygen and nutrients from getting to the heart, and ultimately results in a heart attack.

How do you recognize a heart attack in women?
Recent findings demonstrate that heart disease symptoms in women are different than in men. For instance, women are less likely to have chest pain symptoms and instead may have neck, shoulder, or abdominal discomfort, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and/or dizziness when experiencing a heart attack.

To take control of your heart health today and find out your risk, start by asking your doctor the following questions:

How can I tell if I'm having a heart attack?
What is my risk for heart disease?
What is my blood pressure? What does it mean for me, and what do I need to do about them?
What are my cholesterol numbers? What do they mean for me, and what do I need to do about them?
What are my "body mass index" and waist measurement? Do they indicate that I need to lose weight for my health?
What is my blood sugar level, and does it mean I'm at risk for diabetes?
What other screening tests for heart disease do I need? How often should I return for checkups for my heart health?
What can you do to help me quit smoking?
How much physical activity do I need to help protect my heart?
What is heart-healthy eating plan for me? Should I see a registered dietitian or qualified nutritionist to learn more about healthy eating?

For additional information on heart disease and related risk factors, you can reference the following:

US Department of Health and Human Services

American Heart Association
WomenHeart: the National Coalition for Women with Heart Disease

Resources:
1. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2003). The healthy heart handbook for women. NIH Publication No. 04-2720

2. Mayo Clinic. (2005). Protecting women's hearts: an interview with a Mayo clinic specialist. Retrieved April 23, 2005, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?objectid=8D26F094-D5A5-45D8- 90A4CB187A60091B.

3. Mosca L, et al. (2000). Awareness, perception, knowledge of heart disease risk and prevention among women in the United States. Arch Fam Med, 9, 506

Exercise During Pregnancy: Your Questions Answered

Traditionally, women were told to rest during pregnancy and that exercise was potentially harmful to the fetus-despite the fact that clinical research in this area was severely lacking. However, in the early 1980s, Melpomene responded to the numerous questions they received from women about whether exercising during pregnancy was safe by challenging whether this commonly held belief was in fact true. In 1982, Melpomene bravely conducted its first research study on exercising during pregnancy regardless of its controversial nature.

Twenty years later, research findings from all over the world demonstrate that pregnant woman reap physical and psychological benefits from being physically active. Today, women ask the same questions that they asked Melpomene back in 1982.

Can I exercise during pregnancy?
Is it safe?
What kinds of exercises can I do?
How far into my pregnancy can I exercise?

But today, thanks to Melpomene's determination to open the door to research, we have better answers.

Can I exercise during pregnancy?
Yes, you can exercise during pregnancy. In fact, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists recommends that pregnant women engage in 30 minutes or more of moderate exercise on most, if not all, days of the week. However, before pregnant women begin an exercise program they should check with their health care provider and ensure that they are not having any medical or obstetric complications.

What kinds of exercises can I do?
You can do a variety of exercises when you are pregnant. Of course, the type of exercise you choose to do should depend on your health and on how active you were before you became pregnant. Competitive athletes will likely be able to safely participate in physical activities that recreational athlete could not. Walking is a good exercise to do if you did not exercise before you were pregnant. If you were a jogger before you became pregnant, you will probably be able to continue jogging until you feel uncomfortable.

Recreational sports such as biking, swimming, golf, and bowling are also healthy and safe activities; however, you will want to be aware of your balance. Consult your healthcare provider if you are interested in participating in activities that involve more speed, higher elevations, potential for contact, and/or a risk of falling that may be harmful to you and your baby.

What benefits does exercise provide during pregnancy?
Exercising during pregnancy provides pregnant women with physical benefits such as strengthening muscles needed for delivery, reducing backaches, constipation, bloating, and swelling. Additional physical benefits may also include improving posture, improved energy, and better sleep.

How far into my pregnancy can I exercise?
You should stop exercising if you are feeling uncomfortable, having problems with your pregnancy and your healthcare provider advises against it, or if you are experiencing any pelvic or chest pain, uterine contractions, trouble walking, bleeding or leaking from the vagina, dizziness, increased shortness of breath, an irregular heartbeat. Consult your healthcare provider if you experience these, or any other unusual symptoms.

References:
1. Clinical Reference Systems. (2004). Exercise During Pregnancy.Women's Health Advisor, 2004.1, 1200.

2. Lutter, Judy Mahle. (1998). Of Heroes, Hopes & Level Playing Fields. St. Paul, MN: Melpomene Institute.

3. Committee on Obstetric Practice. (2002). Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 77, 79-81

ARCHIVED MELPOMENE JOURNAL ARTICLES

The following articles are in PDF format and require the free Adobe PDF reader (click here if you need to download the reader). Some of these articles may take time to download.

WOMEN

Turning Want To into Will Do - Fall 2001 Factors Affecting Women's Motivation for Physical Activity - Fall 1997

Motivation to be Physically Active in a Work Setting - Spring 1996

Incentives and Barriers to Physical Activity - Autumn 1999

Larger Women in a Society Over-Occupied by Thinness - Spring 1990

Exercising during pregnancy: what are women doing? - Results based on a questionnaire by Melpomene Institute conducted in 2002

Exercise and Pregnancy - Winter 1989

Body Image and Aging - Summer 2001

Menopause and Physical Activity. What is the Relationship? - Spring 1993

Physical Activity and Weight in the Menopausal Years - Spring 1994

Changes in Running Associated with Menopause and Aging - Spring 1999

Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis through Exercise - Winter 1989

Women and the Role of Physical Activity in Chemical Dependency Treatment - Winter 1990

The Role of Physical Activity in the Recovery from Breast Cancer - Spring 1995

GIRLS

Children's Socialization into Sports - Spring 1989 Adolescent Girls Face the Future - Summer 1994

After School Activities and Self Esteem in Adolescent Girls - Summer 1996

Girls' Perspectives, Physical Activity and Self Esteem - Autumn 1992

Adolescent Girls, Factors Influencing High and Low Body Image - Summer 1995

Physical Activity and Self Esteem in Girls: The Teen Years - Autumn 1993

Portrayal of Female Athletes in Young Adult Novels - Spring 1997

Portrayals of Females in Sports Picture Books - Autumn 1993

A Coaching Education and Internship Program for Female High School Student-Athletes - Spring 2001

Face Off (Girl's Hockey) in Minnesota - Autumn 1995

Adolescent Girls, Abuse and Physical Activity - Winter 2002

INDEX OF MELPOMENE JOURNAL ARTICLES (NOT ARCHIVED)

Adolescent Girls

1983 Physical Activity, Menstrual Patterns & Menstrual Beliefs of Girls
1983 Running before Menarche: Does it affect later menstrual function?
1984 Body Image & Physical Activity of Adolescent Girls with Scoliosis
1992 Physical Activity and Self-Esteem in the Girls: Ages 9-12
1993 Physical Activity and Self-Esteem in the Girls: The Teen Years
1994 Girls and Body Image
1994 Adolescent Girls Face the Future
1995 Girls Hockey Study: Experiences of the First Year
1995 Media Coverage of Girls and Boys High School Ice Hockey in MN
1995 Factors Influencing Low & High Body Image
1996 After School Activities and Self-Esteem in Adolescent Girls
1998 Programs and Facilities for Adolescent Girls
1998 Encouraging Daughter's to Be Physically Active: the Role of Moms and Dads
2000-1 Girl's and Boy's Attitudes Toward Competition

Body Image

1982 Body Fat in Women Runners
1983 Body Image in Women over 40
1986 Body Image & Self Esteem
1989 Larger Women and Physical Activity
1997 Fat Phobia and the F-Scale
1998 Body Size and Physical Activity among Melpomene Members
2002 Twenty Bodywise Women

Children and Sports

1989 Children's Socialization and Sports Study
1993 Portrayals of Females in Sports Picture Books
1996 Gender and Playground Use
1997 Gender and City Parks

Disease

1989 The Role of Physical Activity in Chemical Dependency Treatment
1995 Role of Physical Activity in the Recovery from and Breast Cancer

Eating Disorders

1989 Eating Behaviors of Women College

Lifestyle

1982 Melpomene Membership Survey
1984 Melpomene Membership Survey
1990 Melpomene Membership Survey
1998 Melpomene Membership Survey

Menopause

1993 Menopause and Physical Activity: What is the Relationship
1993 Physical Activity and Weight in the Menopausal Years
1998 Changes in Running Associated with Menopause

Menstrual Function

1982-8 Exercise and Menstrual Function (Athletic Amenorrhea)
1983 Physical Activity, Menstrual Patterns & Menstrual Beliefs of Girls
1985 The Amenorrheic Athlete
1987 Physical Activity and Menstrual Cycle Discomfort
1988 Dietary Differences of Amenorrheic and Eumenorrheic Athletes
1989 Food Preferences and Weight Concerns Among Amenorrhea Study Participants

Osteoporosis and Aging

1983 Bone Mass Loss and the Athletic Lifestyle
1985 Nutrient Intake of Osteoporosis Study Participants
1985 Physical Activity through the Life Span: Long-term effects of an Active Lifestyle
1987 Lifetime Activity Levels of Osteoporosis Study Participants
1989-90 Exercise Habits of Older Adults
1991 Effect of Exercise Variables on Osteoporosis Study Participants
1994 Calcium Intake: Comparison of 1982, 1984 and 1990 Food Records
1995 Ongoing Research

Pregnancy

1982 Running While Pregnant
1982 But What about the Babies?, Study on babies born to women who ran during pregnancy
1983-5 Exercise and Pregnancy
1984 Fetal Outcomes of Women who Ran while Pregnant
1985 A New Look at Nutrition for the Active Pregnant Woman and the Breastfeeding Mother
1991 Physical Activity and Contraception

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Essays & Columns By Judy Mahle Lutter

Reflections on an Eating Trip across Southern France Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - December 00

Girls and Women Have Become Accomplished Athletes Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - November 00

It's time to Slow Down and Run Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - August 00

End-of-life Issues Touch Every Woman's Life Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - April 00

Indulge in the Joy of Healthy Competition Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - March 00

It's a Good Time to Slow Down and Reflect on Life Choices Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - December 99

Escape the Computer Screen Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - November 99

Choosing an Airline Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - October 99

The Girl Scouts Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - July 99

The Ann Bancroft Awards Night Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - May 99

Becoming Physically Active Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - April 99

Choosing Good Books about Girls in Sports Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - March 99

Running the New York City Marathon Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - January 99

Hope in Northwestern Minnesota Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - December 98

"Do Ask, Do Tell" Originally published in The Minnesota Women's Press - November 98

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